Dog Sizes – Small, Medium or Large – How To Choose

In today’s article we find out how dog sizes are related to dog health.  And help you choose the right size dog to suit your family and lifestyle.

With the most extraordinary range of available dog sizes, the domestic dog must be one of the most diverse species on the planet.

From the tiniest teacup dog, to dogs the size of a small pony – the choice is yours.

Most dogs of course fall somewhere in between these two extremes.

But all dogs, large or small,  share a great deal in common with their ancestral relative, the grey wolf.

They have the same genes, the same DNA, and all can (physical practicalities aside) successfully interbreed.

So, how has the diversity of scale that we have created affected our dogs?  Does size actually matter when it comes to choosing a dog breed?

And is living with a very big dog or a very tiny one, that much different from living with a medium sized dog?

Extremes of size in dog breeds

If you are tempted to purchase a dog that falls at one end of the size spectrum or the other, it’s important to be aware of the practical issues involved in caring for very large or very small dogs.

And also to consider the health issues that have arisen, as we humans have experimented with pushing at the boundaries of dog size in our canine breeding programmes

Let’s look first at the practical side of things

What is is like to own a giant dog?

We all know that larger dogs take up more space.  But what is it actually like to own a really big dog?

The Great Dane is one of our best known giant breeds.  As an adult he may top the scales at over 150lbs. This poses some practical problems for the families he lives with.

It means that he needs a seriously large and deeply padded bed to sleep on.

This won’t be cheap and will take up quite a lot of space in your house.

If you like the idea of buddying up and bed sharing with your dog, think again, especially if you have children.  Sleeping with a ten stone dog can be dangerous.

How strong are you?

All young dogs are boisterous, and it takes time to teach them basic manners and good behaviour. In the meantime, they need restraining.

This can be a practical problem for a slight person with a very large dog.

Giant dogs are not cheap to run.  Veterinary care is expensive.

They eat a lot more than other dogs and need high quality food to keep them in good health.

They also need a massive amount of socialisation in order to ensure that all that power and strength is safe around people.

These then are some of the practical issues.  Of even more concern are the health issues that affect giant dogs.  We’ll look at those in a moment.

Living with a tiny dog

Living with a very small dog has its own practical challenges.   Especially during puppyhood.

Chihuahuas and other little dogs are easily stepped on and injured.  They may also be vulnerable to attacks by other dogs if exercised in public places.

Sadly, not everyone is as responsible about socialising and controlling their dog as you are.

Tiny puppies are sometimes mistaken for prey by cats, with obviously disastrous consequences.

And the natural inclination of owners to protect and shelter their tiny pets means that very small dogs are sometimes inadequately socialised as puppies. This can lead to nervousness and aggression later in life.

So, now let’s talk about health.

Does being a giant or a midget of the dog world make any difference to your health, or longevity?

The link between size and longevity

In broad terms, we can generalise and say that smaller dogs live longer than larger dogs.  This in itself is quite the reverse of what we find if we compare one species with another species.

Normally, larger species of animal live longer than smaller species of animal. Your pony is likely to outlive your hamster for example.

This may be to do with the more efficient metabolism of the larger animals.

But it is easy to forget, that these very different breeds of dog, are actually all the same species.  And the rule when looking at individuals of a single species, is that extremes in size do not bode well when it comes to health

In humans for example, gigantism is associated with a shorter lifespan, just as it is in dogs.

Less is more

In dogs the benefits of being smaller rather than larger are significant.  Up to a point.

Smaller dogs, on average, live longer than larger ones.   So for example a toy poodle, might live several years longer than a standard poodle, or a Labrador.

In broad terms, if you want to spend as many years with your new friend as possible, getting a smaller dog should be one of your priorities. But not very small, as we’ll see in a moment

How big is too big?

Of course, many of our larger breeds live a good ten to twelve years or so.  And most people would think this is a reasonable compromise if they want a largish dog.

But what about when we go beyond Labrador or Golden Retriever size.  What happens when we get bigger still.

Well the news is not good I’m afraid.

Really big dogs, like Great Danes, have a significantly reduced lifespans.

Your average Dane puppy might expect to live just six or seven years (source).  But Danes they are not the only very large dogs whose lifespan is reduced.

In the Kennel Club’s 2004 health survey the Dogue de Bordeaux had a shocking median age of death of 3 years and 10 months (source), Neopolitan Mastiff, and several other overly large breeds are similarly affected with unnecessarily shortened lives.

I say unnecessarily because we don’t actually have to breed dogs of this size.

Let’s look at the other end of the scale. What happens if we take ‘small’ to an extreme

How small is too small

You have probably heard of teacup dogs.   These are the tiniest versions of our already very small toy breeds.

A few breeders have taken the process of miniaturisation further than ever before and are producing dogs that will fit in the palm of your hand.

But just how healthy are these ‘teacup dogs’?

It turns out, not very healthy at all.   There comes a point in the miniaturisation process when things start to fall apart.

Not to mention the fact that these dogs are often a result of taking the runt or least healthy member of a litter and breeding from it.

An ethically questionable practice at best.

But it isn’t just teacup dogs which suffer from health issues, some of the breed standard sized dogs in the ‘toy dog’ group are still very small, and are susceptible to a range of health issues as a result.

Some have heads that are too small for their brains or that don’t properly house their eyes.  Some have knees that pop out of joint, and many small dogs have problems maintaining healthy blood sugar levels

When it comes picking a healthy dog, small (10 to 20lbs in weight) is okay, but tiny  is not such a great idea.

Choosing which dog size is right for you

Having convinced you – I hope – that purchasing a giant dog or a very tiny dog is not a good idea, we’ll sum up some of the pros and cons of dogs of different sizes below

Large dog breeds – pros and cons

Many of our sporting or gun dog breeds are fairly large in size. These are often breeds with excellent temperaments, robust enough to cope with family life and the attentions of small children.

They often make good family dogs

On the downside, many gun dogs are also extremely boisterous and bitey as puppies and not a winning combination with children under five.

They also need a lot of exercise and training – which may not be a downside if that is something you enjoy

Some of our working dog breeds are also great family dogs, and may also help anxious home owners feel safer.

They may need greater attention when it comes to socialisation due to innate guarding instincts. You can read more about this topic in choosing a dog with a great temperament

Large breeds can be very messy. When young they tend to be clumsy and may break delicate household items and chew your possessions. Many also have a lifelong tendency to shed a lot of hair.

These larger breed dogs are often best suited to young active families where parents are not too house proud and where all the children are over five years old. They also need to live in a family where at least one adult is willing to participate in regular training sessions.

Medium dog breeds – pros and cons

There are some lovely medium sized dog breeds, including several breeds of spaniel, bull terriers, and border collies. These may not be large dogs but they have plenty of energy and can still make great companions for an active family

Many medium sized dogs have longer life spans than the larger breeds and of course, they take up less space in car and home.

Unfortunately, some of our medium sized dogs have been bred with serious health problems. These are our flat-faced or brachycephalic dogs, such as the Bulldog and the French Bulldog.

People often buy these puppies because they are cute and low energy but unfortunately, the low energy part is a result of some serious health problems. Check out that link for more information

Medium breeds are often the best solution for families with young children as they are less likely to knock toddlers flying or to be damaged by over enthusiastic hugging or rough play from kids.

Small dog breeds – pros and cons

There are many small dogs breeds that are worth considering. Especially if you don’t have very young children

Owning a small dog doesn’t mean you can be a couch potato, they still need exercising each day. Many of our terrier breeds, for example, are small yet are quite capable of accompanying you on a long hike if they are fit and well.

One issue to look out for among small breed dogs is spinal problems. But these can largely be avoided by choosing a breed of dog where the length of the dog’s legs is roughly equivalent to the distance between the front legs and the rear legs.

Small dogs are extremely portable, and take up very little space in your home so they are ideal for small homes or apartments.

Some small breeds are also among our longest lived breeds. So you are likely to have plenty of years in which to enjoy your pint sized companion.

Dog sizes – a summary

It seems, as is so often the case with animal breeding, that we mess with nature at our peril.  We can often get away with changing the original wolf blueprint a little bit.

In the case of reducing size, we may increase the longevity of some of our breeds.  Up to a point. But this is certainly not the case when we make dogs bigger than nature intended.

If you want to spend the maximum number of years possible with your new friend,  choosing a puppy from some of the medium to small breeds, is the way to go.  Provided of course, that you choose wisely and avoid other key areas of concern with regard to dog conformation.

More information on dog sizes and shapes

If you’ve got this far in the Puppy Search series, you may wonder if you’ll ever find a healthy puppy! But don’t despair.  There are lots of breeds in reasonably good shape. In every sense of the word.

When you are looking at any group of dogs with a view to buying a puppy, it is often simply a case of avoiding individual breeds that have been taken to extremes, and following a few key guidelines

Don’t miss the next post in the Puppy Search  series, where Pippa neatly summarises those guidelines for you.

It’s called:  8 things to avoid when choosing a dog  and it’s followed by a fascinating look at the differences between purebred and mixed breed dogs.

As always, drop your comments into the box below, and let us know what you think!