Merle dog coats have irregular patches of blue or red hair, that are laid over a lighter, or diluted, shade of the same pigment. The merle gene can change coat color, skin tone and even eye color in dogs. If you have two merle genes or a double merle it can also produce deaf, blind or even lethal health problems. Potentially merle dog breeds include the Australian Shepherd, Border Collie, Dachshund, Sheltie, Corgi, Catahoula Leopard Dog, Great Dane and Collie but there are many more. Today we’ll look at which breeds of dog carry the potential for merle coats, how it changes their colors and patterns, and what it means for their characteristics, temperaments, health and the lifespan of their puppies.
- Merle dog breeds
- What do merle dog breeds look like?
- Merle dog coat colors
- Genetics of the merle color dog
- Double merle dog
- Merle colored dogs’ health
- Reducing merle dog health risks
- Merle dog breeds’ temperament
- Training and exercising merle dogs
- Grooming merle dogs
- Merle dog puppies
The merle genetic pattern has been in dogs for many years, but wasn’t called merle until the early 2000s. It’s also known as dapple in some breeds. Dogs need a single merle gene to get this coat pattern. Dogs with two merle genes are more prone to the health problems associated with merle coloring. Let’s take a closer look at how merle dogs get their coat and what health implications it has.
Merle Dog Breeds
There is a surprisingly long list of dogs that can display this interesting coat pattern. Some of these merle breeds include Australian Shepherds, Collies, Dachshunds, Cardigan Welsh Corgis, Great Danes, and Shetland Sheepdogs.
These can be blue merle dog breeds or red merle dog breeds. But we will look a big more at these different colors later. Other breeds that may show this color coat include:
- Border Collies
- Pyrenean Shepherds
- Catahoula Leopard Dogs
- Bergamasco Sheepdogs
- Chihuahuas
- American Staffordshire Terriers (pit bulls)
- Old English Sheepdogs
- American Cocker Spaniels
- Beaucerons
- Pomeranians
Is This Pattern Always Desirable?
In some breeds, such as the Australian Shepherd, the color is a distinguishing characteristic. But, in others, such as the Dachshund, merle coloration isn’t considered desirable because of the associated genetic weakness.
Merle Color Dog Appearances
The random patches of color on top of the lighter color in this pattern is unusual and distinctive. In blue merle dogs, the color is mottled black atop black-and-white dilute hair. In red merles, the color is a mottled brown on top of lighter brown hair.
You’ll still see patches of undiluted pigment over the dog’s body. The merle gene seems to affect mostly the black pigment. In a ‘Mm’ dog, a tan color is not necessarily diluted. So, a blue merle dog may still have tan points.
‘MM’ dogs will be mostly white, with patches of color. Double merle dogs are not accepted at dog shows.
Merle Dog Colors
Merles are generally split into the blue merle dog and the red merle dog based upon the type of melanin produced. Some breeds also show:
- cream
- yellow
- sable
- black-and-tan
- fawn, and
- chocolate merle patterns.
So, although the pattern stays very similar, the colors can change dramatically.
Genetics of the Merle Coat
The gene that causes merle in dogs is called PMEL17 or SILV. This color pattern is what scientists call “incompletely dominant.” It shows up when a dog gets just a single copy of the merle allele. It basically causes a dilution of color.
Researchers have isolated three different alleles, or variants, for merle. These are the merle allele (M), the cryptic merle (Mc), and non-merle (m). Merle dogs have one allele for merle and one for non-merle, which is expressed as Mm.
Cryptic Merle Dog Genetics
Cryptic merle refers to a pattern called phantom or ghost merle. Often, these dogs have the M genotype but don’t express it. Cryptic merles are usually either liver or black, with some small areas of merle.
In fact, some don’t look like merles at all. The inheritance of M and Mc is unstable. Sometimes M may produce Mc, and vice versa.
This makes merle inheritance complex. It can also cause potential health concerns.
Double Merle Dog
Dogs with two copies of the M allele, called double merle (MM), tend to be white with patches of color. If you’ve heard the term “lethal white,” it (somewhat misleadingly) refers to the MM genotype.
Unfortunately, double merle dogs are more likely to suffer from some serious health problems, including deafness and blindness. We will take a closer look at this in a moment.
Modifying Genes
What makes the merle color even more complicated is that there are modifying genes that work with the merle gene to create different phenotypes (the look of the dog based on its genes). These include the harlequin merle, in which the “blue” is replaced with white to create a white dog with black patches.
It also includes patchwork or tweed merle, in which the “blue” or “red” becomes gray, tan, and brown. Patches in tweeds may be bigger in size, range, and dilution intensity.
Merle acts upon eye pigment in the iris as well, so a blue eyed merle dog or merle dogs with partially blue eyes are common.
Merle Dog Health
The merle gene is unfortunately linked with impaired function of the auditory, ophthalmologic systems, and immune systems of dogs. That’s because color and color pattern in dogs is associated with the development of the nervous system in the dog embryo. They all come from the same cells.
The problems are caused in part by the suppression of pigment cells in the inner ear and the iris of the eye. Merle dogs are known to be vulnerable to a wide range of defects in the eyes and ears. The blue eyes sometimes make it more difficult to diagnose eye problems, as well.
Double Merle Dog Health
One study found that deafness affected 9.2 percent of dogs with the merle allele, with 3.5 percent in single merles and 25 percent in the double merle dog. Other studies have found similar results, showing also that double merle (MM) dogs experience ear and eye effects at a much higher rate than single merle dogs.
Some double merle dogs have been known to be born without eyes at all. There may be differences based upon breed, too. Collie-type breeds seem more affected by deafness than others.
Specific Merle Dog Conditions
One of the conditions these dogs may suffer from is microphthalmia with coloboma. This is a recessive trait that may show up in merles with a predominately amount of white hair (as with MMs), in which the eyes are abnormally small and may have anatomic malformations in the lens, iris, or retina.
Other conditions include:
- distortion of the eye’s appearance
- night blindness
- a cleft in the iris, and
- third eyelids.
So how should we minimise the risks associated with the merle color?
Reducing Health Risks In A Merle Dog
Veterinarians recommend genetic testing for merle dogs, because the genetics of the merle coloring can be complicated. The variations of merle coloring can result in a variety of appearances, so testing may be the only way to understand the merle dog’s true genetic makeup.
Also, please don’t breed your merles, especially with other merles. Certain dogs that don’t look like merles may actually still carry the M gene. For example, cryptic merles or sable-colored dogs may be indistinguishable from non-merle dogs.
And, if not identified through genetic testing, someone unaware of the genetic background of their dogs might inadvertently mate two merles together, resulting in a litter that includes double merle dogs. The genetics can be complicated, and breeding merles is for experts only! Even experienced breeders are likely to experience setbacks and heartbreak.
Merle Dog Temperament
The merle color gene does not have an effect on temperament, as far as researchers know. If you are looking for a dog with this type of coloring, we recommend you learn about the temperament of the breed in question, rather than the pattern of coloring.
We can’t generalize in this respect, because the breeds that show merle coloration are all so different!
Merle Dog Intelligence
Some of the breeds that have merle coloring as one of their distinguishing characteristics are known to be quite intelligent!
However, there doesn’t seem to be any relationship between intelligence and merle coloration. If you’re looking for a smart breed of dog, the coloring will not necessarily be a factor.
Merle Coat Dog Training and Exercise
Whatever dog you end up getting, training will be important for your pup’s overall socialization and happiness. We recommend basic obedience and agility training for larger, active merle dogs, many of which were bred for herding other animals.
For smaller dogs such as chihuahuas, training is still important to minimize nervous and destructive behaviors. Again, how energetic your dog will be will probably be more dependent on breed than color.
(paid link) Grooming Merle Dogs
Again, this is something that depends on the breed. Many merle dog breeds have long hair that requires a fair amount of maintenance. Australian Shepherds, for example, have a waterproof, double-layered coat that sheds seasonally. It requires thorough weekly brushing.
On the other hand, Pitbulls have a short, stiff coat that doesn’t need much care, and only sheds occasionally. If you are looking for this pattern on a dog, check out the breed information for its grooming requirements.
Merle Dog Puppies
Merle coloring can become darker with age. So, be aware that those white areas on your merle puppy may start to look grayer as your dog ages. But other than that, a merle dog puppy will have all the attributes of an adult of the breed.
Color isn’t necessarily going to determine your dog’s longevity, temperament or the joy you take in being with her. However, the merle gene itself does have health issues associated with it.
If you want a puppy with this coloring, do your homework. Get your puppy from an experienced breeder, and know its genetics.
How you care for your new merle puppy will definitely affect his quality of life, so make sure you are ready!
Your Merle Dog
If you have a merle dog, we would love to hear about your experiences in the comments!
What is the personality and coat like on your puppy? And have you ever had to cope with any of the health problems we’ve mentioned?
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References and Resources
- ‘Health and the Merle Pattern’, American Dog Breeders Association (2016)
- American Kennel Club
- Chappell, J. ‘Merle (M series)’, Dog Coat Color Genetics
- Davis, U.C. ‘Merle’, Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
- ‘Cryptic Merles’, Australian Shepherd Health & Genetics Institute (2017)
- Bowling, S. A. ‘Elementary Merle Genetics for Newcomers’, Sheltie Bloodlines, (2010)
- Clark, L. A. (et al), ‘Retrotransposon Insertion in SILV is Responsible for Merle Patterning of the Domestic Dog, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2006)
- Gelatt, K. N. (et al), ‘Inheritance of Microphthalmia with Coloboma in the Australian Shepherd Dog’, American Journal of Veterinary Research (1981)
- Sponeneberg, P. & Lamoreux, M. L. ‘Inheritance of Tweed, a Modification of Merle, in Australian Shepherd Dogs’, Journal of Heredity
- Strain, G. M. (et al), ‘Prevalence of Deafness in Dogs Heterozygous or Homozygous for the Merle Allele’, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (2009)
Richard Breitbach says
I have a double merle. She is mostly blind and totally deaf and is an amazing dog. I started training her when she was around 6 weeks old. I began using signs to communicate with her to allow her to understand what I wanted her to do. I use signs that communicate clearly what I am asking in order to not confuse her for the actions she needs to take such as sit, laydown, stay, and follow. I was challenged by the local Therapy dog school to put her through the training. I was doubtful Toffee could actually pass the training requirements, but she actually passed with ease because she was not distracted by the other dogs in the training sessions. I have had several dogs over the years, but none as loyal and dedicated as this double merle.
The trick to training a double merle with genetic issues is to be consistent and not send confusing messages. It also takes time, and lots of patience. It is also important to start early and spend lots of time with the puppy and build confidence and a strong bond. My double merle knows every move I make and is an inspiration to me and those around me.
Arlene says
I was sold a double merle by a breeder during the pandemic unbeknownst to me! She is white with a single black spot has blue eyes and one wonky pupil she has been deaf since birth and when I discovered it and told the seller he actually said to me “well shecwasnt deaf when she left here”
It has caused me huge anxiety as I’m retired and struggle with issues in this dog daily
Ive been told to rehome her and put her down many times as she can be an acquired taste
Ive persevered and she is on puppy prozac (fluoxetine
This man told me his dogs were genetically tested .. she is a toy poodle /schnoodle mix and was quite indignant when i asked for a reduction in price i had already paid him 1650
He refused and ive not spoken to him since but i spoke to his vet as i had vaccination records
The vet said he told him that my puppy could be potentially deaf …so this man was unscrupulous i shudder to think what he would have done to her if he couldnt have sold her
So long story short I love her and do my best but its not for the faint of heart 😢
Breeders beware of the double merle gene!!!
Cindy says
I am praying 🙏 for you and your baby. Please keep her and be patient. I know she loves you and needs you. When you hold her I hope you feel the love ❤️ she has for you.
Jason says
My Brother adopted 2 puppies from a woman that was struggling to care for the litter because her husband died. We really have no idea what breed they are but one of them appears to be a merle. She is completely white with one splotch of black on the right side of her face that looks like a grease spot. Her eyes are both blue with pink around her eyes. She isn’t totally blind but has great difficulty seeing and she is deaf. They are both very sweet dogs and to watch Shyra(the merle) you would be hard pressed to tell she was disabled. She is absolutely an inspiration and both of them bring a lot of joy to our family.
Joy Abel says
We got a puppy from some relatives. The mom they said was border collie and was black and white. They said the dad was timber wolf but we did not meet him. The boy dog was the only unique one of 8 puppies. He started out like a tan color with a black black patch over his right eye. He is now 6 months old and looks more black and grey. We named him Dutch and then we noticed one of his black patches is in the shape of a capital D. The rest of the litter is black or white with curly hair and his hair is silky looking straight hair. I’ve had people tell me they doubt he is part Timber Wolf as we are in TX. I’m trying to figure it out. Most of the blue Merle’s I see have quite a bit of white on them but he doesn’t except for maybe is under side. Can someone please let me know what type of dog he sounds like?
Carol Pastrick says
Hi, I have a blue Merle pup that is now 6 months old. Bought her from a breeder that breeds mostly “Doodles” of one variety or another. My girl is a Newfydoodle, or some say Newfiepoo. She has a tiny patch of white on her neck and the rest of her is grey and black with apricot paws! She is absolutely a shaggy darling looking dog. She is very headstrong and challenges everything I want her to do. She is tireless and continually on the go, but takes short naps. She sleeps all night on my bed from day one. She is defiant and won’t come when called. Finally had to buy a shock collar which as of yet I haven’t had to shock her….just beep and vibrate brings her to her senses!! She is very loving of me and anyone else and likes all other dogs.
Carol
Dave Mack says
Hi in your information you mentioned Merles were not called as such until the early 2000. The Merle type dog was written about in Led Zeppelins song Bron- y-aur Stomp. The song is about walking one of the band members dogs ‘Shep’ around the Bron-y-Aur cottage in Wales. Lyrics as below
Ah, I caught you smilin’ at me, that’s the way it should be
Like a leaf is to a tree, so fine Ah, all the good times we had, I sung love songs so glad
Always smilin’, never sad, so fine
As we walk down the country lanes
I’ll be singin’ a song, you hear me callin’ your name
Hear the wind whisper in the trees
Tellin’ Mother Nature ’bout you and me
Well, if the sun shines so bright, or our way is dark as night
The road we choose is always right, so fine
Ah, could any love be so strong when so many loves go wrong Will our love go on and on and on and on and on and on?
As we walk down the country lanes
I’m singin’ a song, hear me callin’ your name
Hear the wind whisper in the trees
Tellin’ Mother Nature ’bout a-you and me
My, my, law-de-law, come on, now, it ain’t too far
Tell your friends all around the world
Ain’t no companion like a blue- eyed Merle
Come on, now, well, let me tell ya What you’re missin’, messin’ around them brick walls
So, of one thing I am sure, it’s a friendship so pure
Angels singin’ all ’round my door, so fine
Yeah, ain’t but one thing to do, spend my natural life with you You’re the finest dog I knew, so fine
When you’re old and your eyes are dim
There ain’t no ‘Old Shep’ gonna happen again
We’ll still go walkin’ down country lanes
I’ll sing the same old song, hear me call your name
Tracy Jamieson says
Love that song. Now it has new meaning for me. Thanks.
Monty says
Getting a blue merle from my cousin. I’m excited
.
Christie says
I recently got a deaf blue Merle. Minni Aussie do you have any training tips or ideas how to train him
Mark Stump says
“Merle” has been a descriptive term for these dogs longer than you realize!
Listen to or read the lyrics to Bron-Y-Aur Stomp.
Sandra Meraz says
I’m fostering 4 5-week puppies for our rescue. I met the owner of the mom at the vet when she was having difficulty delivering. The mother is a pure-white miniature poodle who I met. Two of the puppies are white with grey patches and the male has a bit of tan as well. The other two are completely grey with dark random stripes and spots. This set of pups are smaller than the white ones. They are like two distinct sets of twins. At present they all have blue eyes, with one female having striking blue eyes. Yesterday I realized they all are deaf. It appears to us they are dachound poodle mixes. The owner of the mother said there is a small dog in the neighborhood with similar coloring though I forgot to ask which type of coloring. Could the poodle have had a cryptic M? Or did the father’s coloring override or incompletely dominated the phenotype. The real question is how they could be MM? Or are they not?